New York Must Increase the Minimum Wage Essay -- Minimum Wage Essays

Living in Bushwick commuting to school four days a week to Coney Island, and going to work four days a week at Rite Aid in Sunnyside, Queens, is more overwhelming than what it sounds. Working overnight from Monday to Friday, earning minimum wage and being taxed on top of that isn’t enough due to prices of gas, food, and necessities sky-rocketing. The job pays $7.25 per hour but I make a $0.75 differential for working the night shift. It’s difficult to be a student and work when you only have yourself as a form of financial support. There are days I don’t sleep and hours before I get a meal, because I get trapped by my living expenses, its long before I am able to splurge on luxuries and wants. Nevertheless, it has become challenging to keep my GPA up and my academic performance to its capability, but there isn’t an alternative. Before the late 1930’s, there was not a federal minimum wage. Minimum wage is the least amount an employer can pay to their employees. The current federal minimum wage is $7.25. In the early 1900’s, during industrialization, employees worked for little up to no money. The working conditions during this era weren’t regulated and there weren’t any labor laws that instated the ethics of working conditions. In New York City, there were just over 500 sweatshop garment factories in where the working conditions were very hazardous and in one case, deadly. On March 25, 1911, 146 garment workers died in a fire. The victims were mostly young immigrant women but among them were also immigrant men and children too. These women and men across New York City had had a protest in 1910 in where they demanded unionized workplaces. Unions helped these workers protect their rights. They deserved the right to have respectab... ... double digit wage and not some dollars and a few cents an hour. Fixing the way financial aid is distributed, the money available, and the cost of college education would be a solution due to the criterion to qualify for full financial aid coverage is ridiculous. I'd first want to start with making public school something more year round. This would eliminate teaching as a "seasonal" job. Requiring more hours in school, less holidays and by focusing on the â€Å"No Child Left Behind† policy, it would benefit students to learn what’s necessary including circumstances where they’d face the real world. It is crucial and necessary in building a better New York so that our fellow New Yorkers do become our future. Pushing them into to succeeding in essential subjects like math and science, it would prepare the future of America for college and not discourage them from career.

Bacterial Concentration and Diversity

The objective of this particular paper was to study the results that were extracted when bacterial communities were formed. These bacterial communities were formed through the process of the reproducibility of small volume of repeat sampling from replicate bioreactors with stabilized continuous-flow chicken cecal bacterial communities. The results referring to the bacterial concentration and diversity were then analyzed by phenotypic, biochemical and ribotype analysis. To grow bacteria a stable environment is the most essential requirement this stable and a constant environment is known as steady-state conditions.This allows bacterial cultures to be obtained in a reproducible manner for batch consistency. The cultural efficacy was determined by taking an assumption that the aliquot taken from the cultures were identical and therefore did not overall affect the results to be determined by the particular experiment (bacterial culture). Mixed samples of avian cecal material were used to establish replicate bioreactor cultures. Repetitive samplings of the planktonic components were done to determine if all aliquots had the like bacterial contents within the same bioreactor.Consistency was seen during this repetitive sampling process but changes were seen in the specific composition of the resulting communities that initiated from one supply of cecal assortment. These are the basis on which the whole experiment and the methodology are based on. METHODOLOGY: †¢ Bioreactor and Sampling Design: The cecal contents were extracted from 150 birds (chicken) and then thoroughly mixed under sterile anaerobic conditions. Three replicate bioreactors (Bioflo ® 110 Fermentor/Bioreactor, New Brunswick Scientific Co, Inc., Edison, NJ) were used. The steady-state conditions were maintained by keeping the cultures under continuous-flow conditions at a flow rate of 0. 8 ml/min and also flushed with carbon dioxide that was free of any oxygen. For the first 48 hours the pH of the bioreactor was maintained to a stable 6. 2  ± 0. 3. Then for 3 weeks the cultures were allowed to reach equilibrium the planktonic component was sampled 11 times during this 3 weeks period. After this period 1ml aliquots were collected for analysis. i. e. pH measurement , bacterial isolation etc.†¢ Bacterial Isolation and Preliminary Identification: The material obtained from the bioreactor was sampled and some of the bacterial cultures obtained were quantified by growth of a 10? l aliquot on selective media in triplicate. The triplicate had a 5% sheep blood and was used to determine hemolytic reactions and for the recovery and the enumeration of the aerobic microbial species. The identification and the isolation of the aerobic bacteria was done by streaking the 10  µl aliquots onto TS-blood agar , Brilliant Green Agar, BGA; Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD), CHROMagar E.coli and Orientation, MacConkey, mEnterococcus, and Rogosa plates. These plates were then incubated for 24 hours at thirty seven degrees. Likewise anaerobic bacteria were isolated too but the streaking was done onto Brucella-blood agar, Phenylethyl alcohol agar (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD), Veillonella, and BBE plates. The plates were then incubated anaerobically for 48-72hours at the same temperature. These bacteria were also tested for aero tolerance. †¢ Enumeration:The total aerobic and anaerobic population levels were enumerated by serial dilation onto TS-blood agar, MacConkey, mEnterococcus agars or Brucella-blood agar plates, respectively. †¢ Ribotype Characterization: Isolates from the bacterial lawns were collected and analyzed by using RiboPrinter ® Microbial Characterization System following the manufacturer's instruction using lytic enzymes. Endonuclease EcoRI was used to cleave the DNA and gel electrophoresis was used to separate the fragments and analysis was done using a modern hybridization blotting technique.The DNA hybridized was labeled rRNA operon prob de rived from Escherichia coli, and the bands were detected by chemiluminescence. The image formed was captured and transferred to the RMCS database and data were normalized to a standard marker set. The images were compared with the 6448 EcoRI riboprint patterns in the DuPont database and a 900 EcoRI riboprint pattern custom in-house database (USDA, ARS, College Station, TX). †¢ Data Analysis: For each set of combined cecal material the above mentioned 3 replicate bioreactor were established.These were then analyzed for enumeration and characterization (eleven per bioreactor). The statistics were represented in tabular form. Commercially available software was used to analyze and calculate data. Differences in cfu/ml were compared among the replicate bioreactors. MAIN RESULT: The collecting of bacteria cultures or any other organism is greatly affected by the sample size and the frequency of organisms being sampled in a particular environment. Some of the processes or the methods described above also have limitations due to different constraints that govern their working e.g. enumeration. Enumeration of bacteria is affected by many factors including individual species growth rates, fitness of each competing species etc. therefore the bacteria produced or grown in a selective media maybe less productive when exposed to competition from many other species in a non-selective media culture. The probability of collection is greatly affected by the spatial distribution of organisms. As a rule the sampling requirement must increase as the degree of unit aggregation increases.Enumeration is also affected by aggregation and may account for some of the variation reported in the bacterial quantification. Therefore considerations should be given to the sampling size when using aliquots for inoculation from cultures with known aggregating species. An important thing to mention here that whatever the sampling technique is used there are also certain limitations associate d with sampling. It is not only quite difficult to harvest all species comprehensively but our present technological inability also creates a hindrance because we are unable to artificially culture all bacterial species.It was also seen that the efficiency of detection of pathogenic bacteria is affected by dilution i. e. a lower efficiency of detection was achieved where the prevalence of the target bacteria was diluted. A threshold quantity of specific bacteria maybe required for the proper mix. Adjustments in population density, adhesion and diversity which occur during culturing period greatly affects this observation. CONCLUSION: The aim of this study or experiment was to determine reproducibility of small volume repeat sampling with the help of a bioreactor.Basically bacterial concentration and diversity were the two important factors that were being concentrated these two quantities were analyzed within stabalised continuous-flow chicken cecal bacterial communities initiated b y replicate aliquots taken from thoroughly mixed samples. Pooled cecal material was created from layer chicks to establish the bioreactors. After a steady-state was reached the plankton components were sampled repetitively for three weeks and was then characterized by phenotypic, biochemical and ribotype analysis.No notable differences were found in the bacterial concentrations that came from the same bioreactor. Differences were found in bioreactors initiated from the same stock material. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Tawni L Crippen, Cynthia L Sheffield, Kathleen Andrews, Roy Bongaerts, and David J Nisbet, (2008), Bacterial Concentration and Diversity within Repetitive Aliquots Collected from Replicate Continuous-Flow Bioreactor Culture, Open Microbiol J. 2008; 2: 60–65, published online 2008 May 23.

Rose for Emily

Aleksandra Filipovski English 1102 Dr. William Belford January 23, 2012 Compare and contrast Faulkner’s characterizations of Abner Snopes in â€Å"Barn Burning† and Miss Emily in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. How does Faulkner generate sympathy in the reader for each character even though both characters are guilty of terrible crimes? Toward which character are you more sympathetic? Explain why. Two characters are worth to compare in Faulkner’s fictions Miss Emily in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, and Abner Snopes in â€Å"Barn Burning†. Emily Grierson is an important figure in the town. She is not having any social life there, mostly quiet lady, but still a big element of the town’s life. On the contrary, Abner Snopes is a loud person that most people tend to avoid. They are completely opposite but surprisingly they have similarities in their personalities. First of all, the two characters have different backgrounds. Miss Emily is from a wealthy family, lives in a huge beautiful house, rebuilt after the Civil War. Her house is in the middle of Jefferson, at least it was when it was built. The nicest, richest area. The main character in Faulkner’s fiction is Emily Grierson. Miss Emily will always be defined by her bizarre habits. Since we can’t follow her to the house we don’t know much. Tobe is a regular town man who helps and works for Miss Emily. Different generations and different characters treat her differently. They think about her more as an idol than a freak lady. But Emily is just a human, who lost her dad and her loved husband too. Their color of hair, which is grey, defines what age are they in. They are older people, and stubborn. They don’t like changes. The color of Tobe’s skin shows us his available options in the town and in that period the black people were the servant and the slaves, and the white represented the wealthy families. His skin isolates him from the rest of the people. Tobe is just a servant who serves Miss Emily. He is going to the grocery store every day, and coming back with a full basket. We never see inside the house, so we can’t really tell how the life is in the building. Miss Emily never goes out from her home. The only time someone saw her was on the second floor out of the window for a second. Emily was a mistery for everyone in the town. There is something about Emily and her physical appearance. She is described as an angel by the narrator after her father’s death. And she is also described twice as an idol in the fiction. This confuses us because we have a picture in our heads that she is a crazy and an insane person. She killed someone how she can be named or compared with an idol.

Free Essays on Civil Disobedience As A Response To Apathy

Racial equality has been a highly charged issue throughout the history of the United States of America. During the 1960’s, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., rose to prominence as the premier spokesperson for the civil rights movement, demanding an end to the de facto segregation that existed in defiance of constitutional, and in his opinion moral, law. Nonviolent civil disobedience was the technique of choice for King and his supporters as they attempted to force the established power structure into negotiating the abolition of unjust laws. Jailed in 1963 for participating in one such â€Å"direct action† in Birmingham, Alabama, King used his time in prison to pen â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, a measured response to fellow clergymen critical of his actions as untimely threats to order. Repeatedly expressing his disappointment with the apathy of the â€Å"white moderate† in his letter, King proves the necessity of direct action to overcome this apathy an d achieve true racial equality. King characterizes the white moderate as one â€Å"more devoted to ‘order’ than to justice† (189), and therefore as one incognizant of the reason that society establishes the rule of law. Moral justice, he argues, is the ultimate purpose of the law, and that obedience to an unjust law is as immoral as violence. Furthermore, he recognizes that the unbearable consequences of segregation may seem far removed from the everyday reality of the white moderate. Therefore, direct action in the form of peaceful protest is not only the morally correct course of action, but also pressures the many who prefer to ignore the situation to take a stand by disrupting the comfortable routine of their lives. King writes, â€Å"Lukewarm acceptance is much more bewildering than outright rejection† (189). The goal is not to win wholehearted support in one fell swoop, but to focus attention on segregation and polarize opinions as a starting point. King also characterizes... Free Essays on Civil Disobedience As A Response To Apathy Free Essays on Civil Disobedience As A Response To Apathy Racial equality has been a highly charged issue throughout the history of the United States of America. During the 1960’s, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., rose to prominence as the premier spokesperson for the civil rights movement, demanding an end to the de facto segregation that existed in defiance of constitutional, and in his opinion moral, law. Nonviolent civil disobedience was the technique of choice for King and his supporters as they attempted to force the established power structure into negotiating the abolition of unjust laws. Jailed in 1963 for participating in one such â€Å"direct action† in Birmingham, Alabama, King used his time in prison to pen â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, a measured response to fellow clergymen critical of his actions as untimely threats to order. Repeatedly expressing his disappointment with the apathy of the â€Å"white moderate† in his letter, King proves the necessity of direct action to overcome this apathy an d achieve true racial equality. King characterizes the white moderate as one â€Å"more devoted to ‘order’ than to justice† (189), and therefore as one incognizant of the reason that society establishes the rule of law. Moral justice, he argues, is the ultimate purpose of the law, and that obedience to an unjust law is as immoral as violence. Furthermore, he recognizes that the unbearable consequences of segregation may seem far removed from the everyday reality of the white moderate. Therefore, direct action in the form of peaceful protest is not only the morally correct course of action, but also pressures the many who prefer to ignore the situation to take a stand by disrupting the comfortable routine of their lives. King writes, â€Å"Lukewarm acceptance is much more bewildering than outright rejection† (189). The goal is not to win wholehearted support in one fell swoop, but to focus attention on segregation and polarize opinions as a starting point. King also characterizes...

75th Percentile SAT Scores

An Explanation of 25th / 75th Percentile SAT Scores Much of the SAT data on this site and elsewhere on the web show SAT scores for the 25th and 75th percentile of matriculated students. But what exactly do these numbers mean, and why dont colleges present SAT data for the full range of scores? Key Takeaways: SAT Percentiles The 25th and 75th percentiles mark the boundaries for the middle 50% of admitted students. Half of students scored above or below these numbers.Having a score above the 75th percentile does not guarantee admission. Grades, essays, and other factors are important parts of the equation.Having a score below the 25th percentile does not mean you should not apply. Just be sure you consider the school a reach. How to Interpret 25th and 75th Percentile SAT Score Data Consider a college profile that presents the following SAT scores for the 25th and 75th percentiles: SAT Critical Reading: 500 / 610SAT Math: 520 / 620SAT Writing: 490 / 600 The lower number is for the 25th percentile of students who  enrolled in (not just applied to) the college. For the school above, 25% of enrolled students received a math score of 520 or lower. The upper number is for the 75th percentile of students who enrolled in the college. For the above example, 75% of enrolled students got a math score of 620 or lower (looked at another way, 25% of students got above a 620). For the school above, if you have an SAT math score of 640, you would be in the top 25% of applicants for that one measure. If you have a math score of 500, you are in the bottom 25% of applicants for that measure. Being in the bottom 25% is obviously not ideal, and your admissions chances will be lessened, but you still have a chance of getting in. Assuming the school has holistic admissions, factors such as strong letters of recommendation, a winning application essay, and meaningful extracurricular activities can all help compensate for less-than-ideal SAT scores. Most important of all is a strong academic record. Numerous studies have shown that high school grades are a better predictor of college success than standardized test scores. What the SAT Numbers Mean for You Understanding these numbers is important when you plan how many colleges to apply to, and when you figure out which schools are a reach, a match, or a safety. If your scores are below the 25th percentile numbers, you should consider the school a reach even if other parts of your application are strong. Note that this does not mean you wont get in- remember that 25% of students who enroll have a score that is at or below that lower number. However, when your scores are on the low end for admitted students, youll have an uphill fight to win admission. Because SAT scores still play a significant role in the admissions process for the majority of selective colleges and universities, youll want to do all you can to get the best scores possible. This may mean taking the SAT more than once, often at the end of junior year and again at the beginning of senior year. If your junior year scores arent what you had hoped for, you can use the summer to take practice tests and learn test-taking strategies. Fortunately, with the redesigned SAT, preparing for the exam focuses much more on learning skills that will help you in school than memorizing obscure vocabulary words. SAT Score Comparison Tables If youre interested in  seeing what the 25th and 75th percentile scores are for some of the countrys most prestigious and selective  colleges, check out these articles: Ivy League | top universities | top liberal arts | top engineering | more top liberal arts | top public universities | top public liberal arts colleges | University of California campuses | Cal State campuses | SUNY campuses | more SAT tables Keep in mind that many of these tables focus on the countrys most selective schools, so youll see a lot of schools for which SAT scores up in the 700s are the norm. Realize that these schools are the exceptions, not the rule. If your scores are in the 400 or 500 range, youll still find plenty of good choice. Options for Students with Low SAT Scores And if your SAT scores arent what youd like, be sure to explore some of these excellent colleges where the SAT doesnt carry much weight: 20 Great Colleges for Students with Low ScoresColleges that dont require SAT scores Hundreds of colleges have joined the test-optional movement, so if you have good grades but simply dont perform well on the SAT, you still have lots of excellent options for college. Even at some top schools like Bowdoin College, College of the Holy Cross, and Wake Forest University, youll be able to apply without submitting SAT scores.

Prominent causes for the ending of the cold war Assignment

Prominent causes for the ending of the cold war - Assignment Example The research paper investigates leading significant causes that led the end of the Cold War.The primary international relations theories, liberalism and realism, possess contrasting views about the major causes for the ending of the Cold War, ranging from the US’ dominant military power to the Gorbachev’s liberal policies. In reality, the economic stagnation of the Soviet economic in the late 1970s and early 1980s mainly caused the early end of the Cold War In the early 1980s, during the period of Reagan administration, the bitter rivalry reached to such a height that majority of political experts and international relations theorists claimed the possibility of nuclear war between the two superpowers in the nearest future. On contrary, with the unification of Germany in 1989 and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Cold War between the global powers ended even before the end of the 20th century. Such a decisive and unusually peaceful end of the Cold War was a surprising outcome from the perspective of modern political science and international relations theories, triggering numerous studies, researches, and theories that speculated various factors and causes that might have led the end of the Cold War Leaderships of Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev, democratic and liberal ideologies, and economic factors have all been given as reasons for the ending of the Cold War. In reality, the economic stagnation of the Soviet economic in the late 1970s and early 1980s mainly caused the early end of the Cold War.

Work strategic Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Work strategic - Case Study Example The Real Chocolate Company, together with other chocolate and confectionery industry players must legally comply with government regulations. This includes health, sanitation and safety regulations. Product labeling regulations must be strictly followed. Franchise operations must abide with registration and disclosure of information. Candy taxes, vending machine restrictions and other legislations such as levels of lead in candies, which are introduced in various states in US, would affect the costs of chocolates and confectionery products. On the other hand, the increase in sugar imports to the country would be beneficial to the supply needed by the company. Health concerns that might affect the sales of chocolates is the increasing problem of obesity. Sweets, such as chocolates, and other high calorie products may causes obesity when taken irresponsibly. Although, health benefits of the product, especially dark chocolates, organic and natural chocolates, appeals to health-conscious consumers and old people. High income groups, Asians, and younger people are becoming the target market of gourmet chocolates. These groups have different behaviours and needs, but they serve as an opportunity for sales and growth when exploited. Prices of primary raw materials, like chocolates and nuts, used for the manufacture of gourmet chocolat... Uncertainty in the supply and the price of commodities may affect the production and operation of Real Chocolate Company stores and franchises. 1.2. Porter's 5 Forces Competitive analysis checklist was created to identify the five forces of competition. See Appendix A. Analysis shows that the market is highly competitive. Direct competitors have larger annual sales against the Real Chocolate Company. The power of suppliers is also high. The flow of supply of raw materials such as chocolates and sugar affects the production directly. Ease of entry into the chocolate market is high. Chocolate manufacture is simple and there are variations in the way the products are created and served. The company is almost dependent on the sales in franchise stores, which can be considered as customers of the Real Chocolate Company. Other sources of revenues such as company owned stores and non-traditional outlet is relatively low on the cash flow. 2. Internal Analysis 2.1. Strengths and Weaknesses "Perfection in Handmade Gourmet Chocolates" is a very good motto for both customer perspective as well as the employee's morale. This motto demonstrates the commitment of the company towards freshness and quality produced chocolates. Perfection means quality. Handmade illustrates freshness. Customer impression is important to create customer satisfaction and loyalty. Employee's morale and attitude is also guided by the motto since it reveals the responsibility of not just the management but also to the rest of the stakeholders in the company. This is a responsibility of producing quality chocolates from start to finish, from raw materials to packaged chocolates. The larger portions of chocolates in the packaging and the wide